Nike Case Analysis Essay

QUESTION 1- Prior to the â€Å"Game Changing† proposal for global woman’s fitness where would you put Nike on the CSI chart? Why Prior to â€Å"Game Changing† initiative, I would categorize Nike as a scope-driven organization on the Complex Strategic Integration Chart. Generally, in a scope-driven strategy, resources are mobilized across business units to pursue major opportunities. Nike business strategy is centered on big events. Nike scope dimension indicates the magnitude to which pursuing a new business opportunity requires the collaboration of the existing business units with the corporate strategy. Prior to the â€Å"Game Change† proposal, Nike was an initiative-driven organization, product group and business units work together on major marketing events but then go back to their silos as soon as the common goal is accomplished. Nike focus on product improvement, it has organized its core business around a product orientation, with primary business units focuse d on their main competencies. In other words, Nike’s strategic integration contributes to the support of the strategic push of the company’s core business. Furthermore, Nike’s business units represented the lead dimension of the matrixed organization structure. Within Nike’s matrixed structure, the business units dominated decision-making and priority setting. Members of different business unit teams only collaborated across business unit boundaries commonly to support short-term projects as such World Cup and Olympics. The cross-communication, sharing, and transferring of resources among business units is conducted in order to meet Nike strategic desire to optimize innovation and execution around its primary products. As an example, prior Game changing, Nike ‘strategic integration did not support redirection; Nike’s marketing strategy was focus on products and product innovation. According to Nike managers, it was difficult to gain the support of all the business units in ongoing strategy preceding the Game changing initiative. To make the matter even more challenging business units were much disintegrated; each business unit had its own timelines of bringing product to market, making collaboration harder. Functional representative were not always involved in vital business activities. Nike’s structure did not support ongoing strategy. This prevented Nike from recognizing opportunities. QUESTION 2-How would you describe the new strategy for Global Woman’s Fitness? The â€Å"Game Changing† strategy is crucial in the women’s fitness segment since it focuses on  providing vertical integration of all products within the segment rather than having products developed separately without a common vision. The new strategy proposed by the â€Å"Game Change team put’s Nike in a strong position to capture significant market shares do mestically, as well as in emerging markets where women had traditionally have not been allowed to participate in sports are now finding it acceptable to do so. This new strategy gives women’s fitness its own category of focus, instead of the focus being on product divisions such as footwear and apparel. Nike had traditionally organized its business around footwear, apparel, and equipment. Integration between these three business units was inconsistent at best. The goals of the â€Å"Game Change† proposal was to reorganization and take a more consumer-oriented approach to the market to give customers holistic collections of everything they want and need in a particular sports category. This required Nike to breakdown its product-oriented silos and collaborate on a more formal, ongoing basis. The reorganization also reflected a change in Nike’s corporate strategy. The elevation of women’s fitness to a major focus for the company was a substantial victory to proponent of this initiative, those who recognized the potential of women market, and had been fighting for the increased prominence of this market segment for years. For Nike female consumers are the core of a new organizational product and marketing strategy aimed at finding ways to capture the women’s sport market after years of failure. QUESTION 3-What was the biggest external barrier facing Nike? Nike external barriers are its consumers, retailers, and competitors. Nonetheless, the biggest Nike’s external barrier was consumers, trying to be clear on what they wanted exactly, that would lead to want to buy from Nike. Nike discovered that they had to get much more specific regarding what is different about dance versus running and so forth. Nike faced off against a handful of traditional but well respected brands in the women’s footwear market, also a lot of new and smaller competitors. Nike led the market in some categories, but not other. As an example, Reebok dominated the market in women’s aerobics, but Nike led in women running from the market share and revenue perspective. Fundamentally, no firm controls the market. For this reason, Nike competitors appeared to be rethinking their positioning in the space. Retailers were also other external barrier, the retailers Nike sale to are  locked into their own of doing business. It would not be easy for them conform to Nike’s collection of creating â€Å"a store within a store† for Nike’s products. The game changing team would have to work with their supplier to make sure that they had the product available together. REFERENCE: †¢Burgelman, R, Christensen, C & Wheelwright, S 2009, 5th Ed., Nike’s Global Women’s fitness Business: Driving Strategic Integration, Mc Graw-Hill, America,pp. 1213-1234

Clients With Osteoporosis Questionnaire Health And Social Care Essay

Analysis of informations is a procedure of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and patterning informations with the end of foregrounding utile information, proposing decisions, and back uping determination devising. This chapter deals with the analysis and reading of informations collected from 30 samples on clients with Osteoporosis at Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Science and Research. This survey was done with questionnaire, structured evaluation graduated table and experimental checklist. Data analysis was done by utilizing descriptive and illative statistical process. The points were scored after appraisal and rating and the consequences were tabulated. The statistical methods used for analysis were average, standard divergence, gestural trial and correlativity.Description OF THE TOOLSDetailss of the tools in this survey are as follows ;PART- IDemographic variablesDemographic variables include age, gender, educational position, business, household monthly income, matrimonial position, faith, household history of co- morbid disease, diet and bad wonts.PART- IIStructured Rating ScaleStructured evaluation graduated table of Index of Severity of Osteoporosis by Lequesne appraisal tool was used to place the betterment in the wellness position of clients with Osteoporosis.PART- IIIIt includes Experimental Checklist of nursing intercessions for client with Osteoporosis.REPORT OF THE PILOT STUDYThe pilot survey was conducted on July of 2010 to happen out the effectivity of n ursing attention on clients with Osteoporosis in Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Melmaruvathur, Kanchipuram District for a period of two hebdomads. A Index of Severity of Osteoporosis by Lequesne and was used by the research worker and used to happen out the dependability, cogency which was evaluated by the experts of the research commission. A convenient sampling technique was used to choose three samples by agencies of structured evaluation graduated table to measure the wellness position of clients with Osteoporosis. The nursing attention was provided as per the tool and wellness position was evaluated, eventually the research was analysed based on the mark. Therefore the nursing attention was extremely effectual on clients with Osteoporosis.CogencyThe tool was prepared by the research worker under the counsel of experts and on the footing of aims, which were assessed and evaluated, accepted by the experts of research commission. Content c ogency of this instrument was obtained from nursing experts.DependabilityThe dependability was checked by an interater method. The dependability was 0.80 by utilizing Cronbach & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s expression. After the nursing attention was provided, gestural trial was used and found that nursing intercessions was effectual.INFORMED CONSENTThe research worker obtained written consent from the Managing Director, Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research and from the Principal of Adhiparasakthi College of Nursing, Melmaruvathur. Oral consent was taken from the survey participant to carry on the survey. The information aggregation was done for six hebdomads by utilizing interview and experimental method.DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREThe informations were collected from the Osteoporosis clients who were admitted in Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research in Orthopaedic ward for the six hebdomads of survey period. A good res onance was maintained with the clients in order to derive the co- operation of the clients throughout the survey. After roll uping demographic informations, appraisal was done with the aid of standardised evaluation graduated table. The nursing attention was given utilizing a experimental checklist. On the twenty-four hours of discharge the client & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s wellness position was evaluated with the aid of same structured evaluation graduated table.SCORE INTERPRETATIONThe mark was interpretated as follows ; Mark reading = Obtained score ten 100 Entire markSCORE DESCRIPTIONDescriptionPercentageHealthy Mild wellness impairment Moderate wellness impairment Severe wellness impairment Less than 25 % 25- 50 % 50- 75 % More than 75 %STATISTICAL METHODS.No.DATA ANALYSISMethodRemark1 Descriptive statistics Frequency per centum, Mean, Standard divergence To depict the demographic variables. 2 Inferential statistics 1.Sign trial 2.Correlation Analyzing the effectivity between pre appraisal and station rating of wellness position of the clients with Osteoporosis. Correlation between selected demographic variables and rating of wellness position of clients with Osteoporosis. Data analysis and reading were done under following headers. Section- A: Distribution of selected demographic variables of clients with Osteoporosis. Section- B: Frequency and per centum distribution of wellness position of clients with Osteoporosis. Section- C: Comparison of mean and standard divergence of appraisal and rating mark of effectivity of nursing attention on clients with Osteoporosis. Section- D: Mean and standard divergence of betterment mark for clients with Osteoporosis SECTION- Tocopherol: Correlation between selected demographic variables and effectivity of nursing attention on clients with Osteoporosis.SECTION- A Table 4.1: Distribution of selected demographic variables of clients with OsteoporosisN= 30S.No.DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLESFrequencyPercentage1 Age ( In old ages ) 18- 32 33- 45 46- 58 & A ; gt ; 58 0 7 16 7 0 23.3 53.3 23.3 2 Gender Male Female 5 25 16.7 83.3 3 Education Status Illiterate Primary school Higher Secondary Graduate/ College 12 10 4 4 40 33.3 13.3 13.3 4 Occupation Employed Unemployed Retired Others 17 6 7 0 56.7 20.0 23.3 0 5 Family & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s monthly Income ( in Rs. ) Up to 2000 2001- 4000 4001- 6000 Above 6001 7 11 6 6 23.3 36.7 20 20 6 Marital Status Married Unmarried Widow/ Widower Divorced 21 0 9 0 70 0 30 0 7 Religion Hindoo Christian Moslem Others 10 5 15 0 33.3 16.7 50.0 0 8 History of any co- morbid disease Osteoporosis Other Orthopaedic Problems None Both 15 5 9 1 50.0 16.7 30.0 3.3 9 Diet Vegetarian Non- Vegetarian 15 15 50 50 10 Bad Habits Alcohol Smoking Both None 3 2 4 21 10 6.7 13.3 70 Table 4.1 implies the distribution of respondents harmonizing to certain demographic factors such as age, gender, educational position, business, household monthly income, matrimonial position, faith, household history of carbon monoxide ; morbid disease, diet and bad wonts. Out of 30 clients 7 ( 23.3 per centum ) clients were in the age group 33- 45 old ages, 16 ( 53.3 per centum ) clients were in the age group of 46- 58 old ages, 7 ( 23.3 per centum ) clients were in the age group of above 58 old ages. Most of the clients, 16 ( 53.3 per centum ) were in the age group of 46- 58 old ages. Sing gender 5 ( 16.7 per centum ) of clients are male and 25 ( 83.3 per centum ) of clients are female. Majority of clients, 25 ( 83.3 per centum ) were females. Out of 30 clients 12 ( 40 per centum ) clients are illiterate, 10 ( 33.3 per centum ) clients completed primary school, 4 ( 13.3 per centum ) clients completed high school, and 4 ( 13.3 per centum ) clients are graduate / college. Most of the clients, 12 ( 40 per centum ) are illiterate. Sing business 17 ( 56.7 per centum ) of clients are employed and 6 ( 20 per centum ) of clients are unemployed and 7 ( 23.3 per centum ) are retired. Majority of clients, 17 ( 56.7 per centum ) are illiterate. In instance of household monthly income up to Rs. 2000/- was drawn by 7 ( 23.3 per centum ) clients, 11 ( 36.7 per centum ) had monthly income of Rs. 2001/- to Rs. 4000/- , 6 ( 20 per centum ) were in the income group of Rs. 4001/- to Rs. 6000/- and 6 ( 20 per centum ) clients had a monthly income of above Rs. 6000/- . Most of the clients, 11 ( 36.7 per centum ) had monthly income of Rs. 2001/- to Rs. 4000/- While analyzing the matrimonial position of clients 21 ( 70 per centum ) are married and 9 ( 30 per centum ) were widower/ widow. Most of the clients 21 ( 70 per centum ) are married. 10 ( 33.3 per centum ) of clients are Hindu were as 5 ( 16.7 per centum ) of clients are Christian and 15 ( 50 per centum ) are Muslim. Majority 15 ( 50 per centum ) of clients are Muslim. Out of 30 clients 15 ( 50 per centum ) clients are with co- household history of Osteoporosis, 5 ( 16.7 per centum ) clients are with household history of other orthopedic jobs, 9 ( 30 per centum ) clients are with no co- morbid disease and 1 ( 3.3 per centum ) is with both household history of Osteoporosis every bit good as other orthopedic jobs, Most of the clients, 15 ( 50 per centum ) clients are with household history of Osteoporosis. Sing diet 15 ( 50 per centum ) of clients are vegetarian and 15 ( 50 per centum ) of clients are non- vegetarian. While analyzing the bad wonts 3 ( 10 per centum ) of clients are holding the wont of devouring intoxicant and 2 ( 6.7 per centum ) are of clients with the wont of smoke, 4 ( 13.3 per centum ) are with both the wonts. 21 ( 70 per centum ) of clients do non hold any bad wonts. Majority of clients, 12 ( 70 per centum ) do non hold any bad wonts.SECTION- B Table 4.2: Frequency and per centum distribution of wellness position of clients with OsteoporosisN= 30.S.NoHealth STATUSAppraisalEvaluationNumberPercentageNumberPercentage1 Healthy 0 0 5 16.7 2 Mild wellness impairment 6 20 24 70 3 Moderate wellness impairment 22 73.3 1 3.3 4 Severe wellness impairment 2 6.7 0 0 Table 4.2 shows that at the clip of immediate station operative period wellness position of clients were assessed, out of 30 clients 2 ( 6.7 per centum ) were in terrible wellness impairment, 22 ( 73.3 per centum ) were in moderate wellness impairment and 6 ( 20 per centum ) are in mild wellness impairment. At the clip of discharge the wellness position of clients were evaluated, out of 30 clients 5 ( 16.7 ) were healthy, 24 ( 70 per centum ) are in mild wellness impairment, merely 1 ( 3.3 per centum ) are in moderate wellness impairment and 5 ( 16.7 per centum ) were healthy.Section- C Table 4.3: Comparison of mean and standard divergence of appraisal and rating mark of clients with OsteoporosisN= 30.S.No.Health STATUSMeanStandardDeviationCONFIDENCE INTERVAL1 Appraisal 30.8 3.06 31.28- 28.2 2 Evaluation 16.96 3.94 17.96- 14.44 Table 4.3 indicates assessment average value 30.8 with standard divergence of 3.06 and rating mean value 16.96 with standard divergence of 3.94.SECTION- D Table 4.4 Mean and standard divergence of betterment mark for clients with OsteoporosisN= 30.S.No.Health STATUSMeanStandard DEVIATIONSecondValueKValue1 Improvement mark 13.83 3.64 2 5.38 **p & A ; lt ; 0.05 degree of significance Table 4.4 shows that betterment score average with 13.83 and standard divergence of 3.64. The K value is 2 and S value is 5.38. Since the deliberate value is greater than table value, it implies that there was statistically extremely important betterment in wellness position of clients with Osteoporosis after the post- operative nursing attention at 0.05 degree of significance. Thus the nursing attention on clients with Osteoporosis was effectual.Section- E Table 4.5: Correlation between the selected demographic variables with the effectivity of nursing attention of clients with Osteoporosis.S.No.DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLESAppraisalEvaluationRSevere wellness impairmentModerate wellness impairmentModerate wellness impairmentMild wellness impairmentNo.%No%No%No%1 Age ( In old ages ) 18- 32 33- 45 46- 58 & A ; gt ; 58 0 1 0 1 0 3.3 0 3.3 0 6 10 6 0 20 3.3 20 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 0 0 0 6 16 7 0 20 53.3 23.3 -0.3 2 Gender Male Female 0 2 0 6.7 3 19 10 63.3 0 1 0 3.3 5 24 16.7 80 -0.8 3 Education Status Illiterate Primary school Higher Secondary Graduate/ College 1 0 0 1 3.3 0 0 3.3 9 6 4 3 30 20 13.3 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 12 10 4 3 40 33.3 13.3 10 0.4* 4 Occupation Employed Un- employed Retired Others 4 2 0 0 13.3 6.7 0 0 12 4 6 0 40 13.3 20 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 0 0 0 16 6 7 0 53.3 20 23.3 0 -0.1 5 Family & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s monthly Income ( in Rs. ) Up to 2000 2001- 4000 4001- 6000 6001- 8000 0 1 0 1 0 3.3 0 3.3 5 8 4 5 16.7 26.7 13.3 16.7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 7 11 6 5 23.3 36.7 20 16.7 0.3 6 Marital Status Married Unmarried Widow/ Widower Divorced 1 0 1 0 3.3 0 3.3 0 16 0 6 0 53.3 0 20 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 0 0 0 20 0 9 0 66.7 0 30 0 -0.1 7 Religion Hindoo Christian Moslem Others 1 1 0 0 3.3 3.3 0 0 6 3 13 0 20 10 43.3 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 0 0 0 9 5 15 0 30 16.7 50 0 -0.2 8 Family history of any co- morbid disease Osteoporosis Other orthopedic jobs None Both 2 0 0 0 6.7 0 0 0 10 5 7 0 33.3 16.7 23.3 0 0 1 0 0 0 3.3 0 0 14 5 9 1 46.7 16.7 30 3.3 -0.2 9 Diet Vegetarian Non- vegetarian 1 1 3.3 3.3 11 11 36.7 36.7 14 15 46.7 50 1 0 3.3 0 -0.2 10 Bad wonts Alcohol Smoking Both None 0 1 0 1 0 3.3 0 3.3 1 1 1 19 3.3 3.3 3.3 63.3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 4 20 30 6.7 13.3 16.7 0.1 **p & A ; lt ; 0.05 degree of significance Table 4.5 indicates that there was statistically no important correlativity between selected demographic variables like age, gender, business, household monthly income, matrimonial position and faith, household history of co- morbid disease, diet and bad wonts. There is important correlativity in educational position.

An Exploration of the ways Shakespeare dramatises Essay

Shakespeare’s portrayal of teenage experience in Romeo and Juliet is one of the most well known and often imitated in existence, and this is because of how well he captures some of it’s aspects – the idea of first love, isolation and rebellion – but with enough melodrama and exaggeration to make it the basis for entertainment on stage. Despite being written nearly half a millennia ago, Shakespeare’s play is still studied in schools today because so much of the subject matter is still relevant – the star crossed lovers are as much at home in modern Miami in Baz Luhrman’s film adaptation as they are in feudal Verona – and while the details may have changed, Romeo and Juliet would lead us to conclude that teenage experience in particular has many of the same elements now as it did in Shakespearean times. Romeo and Juliet are a pair of love-struck teenagers trapped between their desire to be together and the long and bloody feud between their families. However the play begins as Romeo is pining for another girl he professes to be in love with, Rosaline. She represents the petrarchan ideal; an unattainable woman Romeo idolises and rarefies, who his love for is unrequited – a direct contrast with the immediate mutual amorousness he and Juliet share. Here, Shakespeare chooses to depict teenage love as melodramatic, superficial and fickle. Romeo seems to almost obsess over Rosaline, though only upon her good looks and the fact that she has decided to ‘remain chaste’ despite his advances upon her. In scene one of Act one, Romeo bombards Benvolio with a torrent of oxymorons – â€Å"O brawling love, O loving hate! † – to describe the depression and emotional turmoil his love for Rosaline is causing inside him, a girl whom he barely knows but says is â€Å"†¦ rich in beauty†. Romeo describes being in love as being a weight upon him, in act one scene one love is a â€Å"heavy lightness† and a â€Å"feather of lead†, and then in scene four before entering the Capulet’s masked ball he says he has â€Å"a soul of lead†. In spite of this, later when he sneaks into the Capulet’s garden to see Juliet, he describes himself as having â€Å"love’s light wings† further contrasting his love for Juliet against his previous feelings for Rosaline, showing this is a different, higher form of love. In a moment of male camaraderie, Mercutio jokes with Romeo, implying the heavy weight he feels is that which lovers feel on each other during intercourse, and suggests he â€Å"borrow cupid’s wings†. After he meets Juliet the language he uses changes, and becomes far less coarse and less fraught with innuendo – later, they talk in sonnet and rhyme each other’s lines in order to show there is a deeper connection between them. As they share their first kiss, both Romeo and Juliet’s speech becomes rich with religious imagery â€Å"For saints have hands that pilgrims’ hands do touch, and palm to palm is holy palmers kiss† presenting their love here as something spiritual and sacred, and after the kiss Romeo even says â€Å"my sin is purged†, likening it to a divine and religious experience. The idea of love is shown from a completely different perspective in act one scene two, as Capulet and Count Paris discuss arranging a marriage between him and Juliet. Capulet shows a level of kindness and understanding which he seems to lose later in the play, as he says it is Juliet’s decision whether she marries and that it would be a mistake for her to marry so young, â€Å"too soon marred are those early made† although this could mean spoiled by childbirth, increasing the degree to which Juliet is treated like an object in the conversation. Paris comes off as being rather shamelessly lecherous, as he protests Capulet stating that Juliet is a child and too young to be married by saying â€Å"Younger than she are happy mothers made†. Even without the war between their families, it is clear that there are heavy societal constraints burdening both Romeo and Juliet, especially regarding their relationships with their parents. Juliet doesn’t get along with her mother, and when in the play she is told she must marry Paris she pleads with her mother to try and stop it she is met with a withering verbal blow, â€Å"Talk not to me, for I’ll not speak a word†¦ I have done with thee. † Clearly her relationship with her mother isn’t very strong, unlike her relationship with her nurse. In Act three scene one Lady Capulet asks the nurse to fetch Juliet so she may broach the subject of marriage with her, and it is obvious from the nurse’s fawning over Juliet and the way she talks about her that they are much closer than Juliet and her mother, and the nurse says â€Å"I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish. † – vocalising an ambition usually held by a mother to see her own daughter married, making the disparity between Lady Capulet’s cold and clinical appraisal of the situation and the nurses bawdy, vulgar one even more noticeable. The nurse is genial and kind and has a penchant for making coarse remarks and often makes them without realising it, when Lady Capulet says marrying Paris will make Juliet â€Å"no less† the nurse agrees saying â€Å"No less? Nay, bigger! Women grow by men. † She is a role model for Juliet and gives her advice and counsel, but her irresponsibility is shown when after goading Juliet on with her relationship with Romeo and facilitating their marriage, following Romeo’s exile she completely changes her mind and advises Juliet to marry Paris: â€Å"Since the case stands as now it doth, I think it best you married with the County† She realises she has made a mistake encouraging Juliet and had not fully thought about the consequences. Romeo shares a similar relationship with Friar Lawrence, except more of one of two close friends than a father and son. Romeo is never on stage with either of his parents at any time during the play; his absence demonstrates both an inability to communicate and show of teenage rebellion. He rejects them and the society and responsibilities they represent in favour of the Friar’s advice – which while often more sensible than the Nurse’s and driven by his naiveti in hoping to unite the families by encouraging Romeo and Juliet to marry, is still irresponsible.

US Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Coursework

US Public Opinion and Foreign Policy - Coursework Example US Public Opinion and Foreign Policy While many believe that public opinion can and does matter to policy makers, others contend that public opinion complicates or is of relative importance to policy making. If the issue is of great importance to the public and there is a common consensus as to how the problem may be resolved between a majority of the public and policy makers, policy makers are likely to be facilitated in their foreign policy aims. The most recent and significant example of this is the US incursion into Iraq in 2003. When an issue is of lesser importance, resulting in a less educated public, the policy making process can be complicated. Needless to say foreign policy making is the most difficult when it concerns issues of great importance and little common consensus. To ensure political success, presidents and other policy makers must use an understanding of public attitudes to structure their foreign policies for presentation to their constituents. Public opinion is not as malleable as some believe it to be. We only have to point to various examples of American politicians attempting to coerce public opinion on issues that are unpopular with the American public and their lack of success in doing so. One of the major underpinnings of representative democracy is the belief that government policy, both foreign and domestic, is controlled by public opinion and the power of the vote. Whether or not this is a reality with regards to foreign policy has been a question of debate between various theories of international relations over the course of the twentieth century. While most students of the topic admit that public opinion can have some sort of affect on military, economic and political practices abroad, the extent of this impact is fiercely debated, most notably by the realist and liberal camps. Realist theory claims that public opinion is unpredictable and ever changing. Because foreign policy often has its affect in places that are so far removed geographically public opinion has an irrational edge to it. Although Realists do admit that public opinion can have a considerable impact on foreign policy making in democracies, it is for this reason that it is most often "erratic and incoherent" and they conclude that "a good foreign policy is incompatible with the democratic process and therefore the decision-making process should be isolated from the vagaries of public opinion." 1 Foreign policy is far too remote and complex in its issues and very often the public is not well informed enough for it to respond rationally. From the liberal point of view public opinion is seen as a positive element which could bring about a more reasonable and peaceful foreign policy.

Annotated Bibliography Counterterrorism on Terrorist Groups

Counterterrorism on Terrorist Groups - Annotated Bibliography Example Its proper consideration and implementation has been considered crucial for the successful attainment of the desired combat goals and purposes. COG is essentially a joint operation plan that serves to provide moral, physical and technical support to militia, with an inherent capacity that gives them a competitive edge over the opponents. In this concept, the first step is essentially to have the right group of people with the required critical skills and capabilities, then identifying ends and taking strategic positions. The other important facet is to have sufficient resources to support the mission and the most important tenet of the COG concept is execution. Training is one thing and executing is another. There is need for the team to have the inherent ability to perfectly execute the laid out plan for success to be a guarantee. This material is relevant to our topical discussion as it propounds practical military approaches that can be implemented to detect movement patterns of the enemy and counter them before they strike hence relevant. Moreover, it is a unique approach that makes use of intelligence gathering ascribed to opponents in lieu of physical groundwork used in most combat systems. The evident shortcoming from the literature is that the author highly focused on the theoretical concepts and detailed methodological procedures that make the COG concept appear complex and difficult to execute.

Limited Companies (Tesco and Sainsbury) Case Study

Limited Companies (Tesco and Sainsbury) - Case Study Example The stance of both the companies is illustrated with the help of financial ratios, to read between the lines of the companies’ financial statements and to completely understand the financial data presented by the companies in their annual reports. The structure of the report comprises the companies’ financial performance analysis for the year ended 2005 from management, investors and lenders’ outlook because all these three groups are interested in the companies’ position and performance with different perspectives. Therefore, the comparison presented in this report would be helpful for the company’s management, investors and lenders altogether to form a base for their future decisions.Tesco and Sainsbury have been in the retail business for a long time. These companies operate on the international level, but have most number of their stores in UK, which is the major market of these companies. Tesco is the largest and most profitable superstore chai n in Britain. It is the fourth largest supermarket in the world. Tesco operates 2,318 stores in 12 countries around the world and employs 326,000 people, 237,000 of them in Britain where it is the largest private employer (TESCO: A Corporate Profile, accessed 29.11.2005). The principal activity of the Group is the operation of food stores and associated activities in the UK, Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia and Japan (Tesco Annual Report, accessed 28.11.2005). Sainsbury is the UK's third-largest grocery retailer (after Tesco and ASDA) operates the long-struggling Sainsbury's Supermarkets chain -- some 464 supermarkets in the UK (accounting for nearly 85% of sales). The supermarkets get about 40% of their sales from private-label products. In addition to supermarkets, the company operates 260 convenience stores under the Sainsbury's Local, Bells and Jacksons banners. Sainsbury also owns 55% of Sainsbury's Bank (in a joint venture with Scottish bank HBOS) and a property development company (J Sainsbury plc overview, accessed 28.11.2005). PART B: ANALYSIS & COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE Tesco and Sainsbury are two popular companies in the United Kingdom. But the latest annual reports issued by these two companies reveal diverse results in the companies' financial performance for the year ended 2005. A deeper analysis of the differences between these companies' financial results is presented below with the help of some ratios peculiar to the analysis in terms of company's management, lenders and investors: FROM MANAGEMENT'S OUTLOOK The following analysis and comparison is done to help the companies' management to assess their performance and capabilities in the light of the companies' recent financial results: Gross Profit Margin Tesco Plc 7.3% Sainsbury Plc 4.12% The Gross Profit ratio analyses the company's profit margin before accounting for various operating costs. The gross profit margin of Tesco is higher than Sainsbury, which indicates that Tesco's management has efficiently managed to obtain more profit out of its sales after accounting for cost of sales incurred during the process of making the goods and services available to customers than Sainsbury. Net Profit Margin Tesco Plc 5.7% Sainsbury Plc 0.65% The net profit ratio analyses a company's profitability after taking into account all the operating costs. The above ratio calculation shows that Tesco has had significantly higher net profit margin than Sainsbury whose profit margin after the operating cost

Eduaction in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eduaction in Texas - Essay Example In the same year, a new law that permanently set aside two million of the ten million dollars in the five United States’ Indemnity bonds received from the settlement with Texas’ boundary was established. After the America’s civil and reconstruction, Texas introduced a new constitution of 1876 that provided 45 million acres of the public domain towards supporting public schools. Moreover, the law directed that income obtained from the new permanent school funds to be invested in bonds (Kemerer and Walsh 56). This law was rewritten in 1884 whereby it created the state superintendent office and affirmation of the state ad valorem tax. Additionally, in the same year, a law that required funds from permanent schools to be invested to other bonds and county towards increasing the income was enacted. After about 100 years, in the 1983, Texas voted and approved constitution amendment that guaranteed district school bonds by the Permanent School Fund (Preuss 144). The education commissioners later approved this amendment leading to proper issuing of bonds by school districts and the same was guaranteed by the Fund corpus. Currently, the local school districts obtain approximately 765 million dollars as income from the Permanent School Fund. Numerous additional laws in Texas and its related towns have ever guaranteed Texas freedom in the administration and development of its schools and led to independence of school districts. The Texas school systems have been credible since 1885 when its high schools sent selected test papers examination to the University of Texas (Shirley 102). Since then, the Texas schools have been affiliated with Texas University, and graduates from these schools send their graduates to Texas University without admission examinations (Preuss 37). The 1911 rural school law established education

From London Riots to Pussy Riot To what extent western societies' Dissertation

From London Riots to Pussy Riot To what extent western societies' Liberal Ideal today misinterpret the idea of 'righteous' Civil - Dissertation Example Such is the case with Western reactions to the rulings and events surrounding recent riots in London and in Russia. Many times judgments of events of this magnitude are made lacking a clear, complete understanding of other cultures. Yet, these same critics rationalize extreme acts of retribution within their own societies. This paper will examine these misconceptions based upon the rulings on the cases of the London Riots and the Pussy Riots in Russia. The objective is to underline how acts of ‘Righteous’ Civil Obedience are misinterpreted by Liberalists who do not appear to possess a full understanding of foreign cultures in this respect. Table of Contents List of Illustrations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Chapter 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 1.1 Righteous Civil Disobedience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 1.2 Liberalism to Terrorism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 1.3 The Riots 8 Chapter 2 Statement of the Problem 11 2.1 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.â₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 2.2 Scope and Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Chapter 3 Literature Review 12 Chapter 4 Case Study: Western Criticism 18 4.1 The Verdict 22 Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion 26 5.1 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.28 Works Cited 30 Appendices List of Illustrations Figure 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Cover Page Photo: Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. Moscow, Russia; Bell, A. (2004). Byzantine Cathedral Figure 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦London Police Riot Photograph; Martes, A. (2011). La gran tragedia de robos y asaltos en Londres, Manchester, Liv erpool y Bristol, no es exclusividad britanica Figure 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Statue of Liberty Photo; JMG. (2013) Statue of Liberty Photograph. Jolted Media Group. Figure 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Arrest of Garry Kasparov; Stewart, W. (2012). Former world chess champion Garry Kasparov dragged away from massive protest as Russia jails Pussy Riot trio for two years for hooliganism in 'show trial'. Figure 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Excerpt from PR song Punk Prayer; Berger, R, (2012). Pussy Riot Sentencing: Can't Jail Female Fur. Huffington Post. Religion. Chapter 1. Introduction On the Eastern side of the world, the word for the day has been ‘riot’. In north London, a 29 year old man was killed by a policeman during Operation Trident, an investigation of illegal weapon activity in London’s black community (Stringer, Satter, Culp, Selva, & Wilson, 2011). The man was said to have gang affiliations and was involved in gun activities. The incident sparked explosions of rioting and violence, as Londoners destroyed property across the city in outrage, causing massive damage and fatalities amongst the public and the London police force. Press releases that dispelled the defense that the deceased, Mark Duggan, was armed and had fired a weapon at the London policeman fuelled a fire that desecrated the city. As buildings burned and potential targets ran for cover, the heart of London was being irretrievably broken. Approximately 1500 miles away in Moscow, a group of Russian Lady Gagas were charged with

Ferdinand Toennies's Gemeinschaft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ferdinand Toennies's Gemeinschaft - Essay Example There are several that I can envision on the corporate front such as security exchanges and the like, but I think that the best example of Gesellschaft is the city of New York. New York City is an organization in that it is a municipality. Thus while governmentally organized, it is a Gesellschaft as proposed by Toennies. (Kirvisto 89). New York City is a large, urban society, in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Relationships are based on achieved statuses, and interactions among people are both rational and calculated. This is evidenced by the interactions of brokers on Wall Street, the advertising industry and even the penal system. He who makes the highest dollar attains the highest status. This is precisely what Toennies predicted would happen which is why his preference was towards the Gemeinschaft. (Kristovo 89).

Theology Judas Iscariot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theology Judas Iscariot - Essay Example For that reason I chose to have Judas Iscariot, their treasurer who was also the man who in the end sold him to the Romans for a mere 30 pieces. In the film industry, Judas is portrayed in traditional terms - as a betrayer and an instrument of Satan. This is in line with the belief of many modern Christians, whether laity, theologians or clergy, who consider Judas as a traitor and a synonym for betrayer - a belief which has perpetuated Christian society for hundreds of years. Yet there are some scholars who argue that Judas was merely acting as a negotiator in a prearranged prisoner exchange. Judas is said to have acted and betrayed Jesus with full knowledge and consent of his master. It is in light of this controversial issue that I will be analyzing what the scholarly world and the film industry has to say regarding the character of Judas as compared to what the Gospel of John has to say. I will be starting with a discussion of the way two films, The Gospel of John and The Last Temptation, portray Judas and proceed to a historical and cultural analysis of why the character of Judas is being reevaluated. "The Gospel of John" directed by Philip Saville was a brilliant and an appealing depiction of the last moments in Jesus' life because of the use of imagery and symbolism. The language was a little unconventional in comparison to today's over-glamorized film making styles and was noticeably scripted from what seemed chunks of the bible but in spite of these, it was still very enlightening. The way the collaboration of images was accomplished was very effective in explaining the parts of the story that were tedious to understand. I found it amazing the way the camera shots would slowly pan out and we could see all his disciples surrounding him, gazing in awe. Great respect towards him was evident when some wouldn't look him in the eyes or question some of his actions. The lighting too played a huge role in setting the mood for the film- the somewhat dim lighting that may have lasted throughout the entire film gave the impression that it was set in a much earlier time period, and the r emarkable costumes corroborated this as well. The camera work on the imagery and the centering of the movie on Jesus Christ was magnificent. He is all knowing, respected by his disciples and full of faith, although not everyone has full faith in him. The people question his holiness because he is the son of Mary and Joseph who are humans just as everyone else is. He confidently assures them: "I am who I am, Jesus of Nazareth, a teacher and the only Son of God." From the film as well as the bible readings in the book of John (6:64-71), Jesus makes it clear to his followers that one of them has ulterior motives, yet he does not mention who it is for the time being. Here I began to notice further use of the camera to give an idea of who it may be. For someone that is familiar with the story of his betrayal we already know it is Judas, but to others it gives a small hint of who it may be because in some instances the frame freezes on two or three of his disciples. Furthermore, since many of them have the same hairstyles, body types, eye color and such, it could be a little hard to keep up with at the beginning, but this effect

Internet and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Internet and Privacy Essay There has been a lot of controversy about the internet and its privacy. Today, some say you have no privacy with anything you do on the web. They say that the government is taking away the public’s privacy because they can monitor everything that happens on the internet. Even though most of this is true, there are plenty of good things to come from it. In this essay I will be writing about the internet and its privacy. The lack of privacy that comes with technology and the internet can and has prevented a lot of crimes to occur. It has made credit card fraud, once an easy crime much harder to get away with. They know what you’re buying schedule is like, so if someone steals your card and tries to buy something that is not something you would normally buy, you will get an alert about it. Security cameras at stores and ATM’s prevent a lot of robberies from occurring. The government states that the main reason why they monitor just about everything on the internet is to try and catch terrorist attacks before they happen. They have said that some of the terrorist plane hijackings could have been prevented if they had the internet security that they do now. Of all the good things that come with the internet, there are also some drawbacks that can be dangerous. There is just as much false information on the internet as there is true information. Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data. They can also create viruses to steal personal valuable data such as identity theft. There are also people called â€Å"predators† that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspected people into dangerous situations. People can get addicted to the internet which can cause problems with interacting with their friends and family. As it is stated in What Matters in America, â€Å"Like any space where people gather, the virtual world is not immune to the same set of troubles we face in real life. Teens and children can be targeted be sexual predators. Kids can â€Å"cyber bully† classmates, carrying the tortures of the playground onto cell phones and computer screens at home. Illicit romances and online flirting may be taken beyond laptops, ruining relationships and destroying marriages. And, of course, cybercrime is ever present, seeking log in numbers, financial data, and credit card information†. (22) Privacy has become a big question in today’s society with all this new technology and the internet. The internet might be more secure today from hackers and viruses but we don’t really have any privacy on the web. Every purchase we make on the internet can be tracked by the government. They can also track almost every phone call that is made. The internet has become more convenient to use than it ever has been. You can perform just about any task you want with a couple mouse clicks. Your computer can remember everything you do on the internet. It will save all the sites you have been to, what you have downloaded, what you have bought online, and can even save your credit card information. When online you will see recommended web sites based on what you normally do online and even on certain sites there will be recommended products that are similar from what you have purchased before. All this personal information can be easily looked at by the government or even professional hackers. Is our privacy really being invaded or are we just putting this information out there? People say that the government is invading the public’s privacy. They say that they shouldn’t be allowed to monitor the internet. I don’t believe our privacy is being invaded because no one forces you to put this information online, even though it is hard not to in today’s society. In What Matters in America, David Plotz states, â€Å"Real privacy is what allows us to share hopes, dreams, fantasies, fears, and makes us feel we can safely expose all our faults and quirks and still be loved. Privacy is the space between us and our dearest, where everything is known and does not matter. † (70) With all this advanced technology on the internet, we need the government to monitor it or else there would be a huge amount of criminal activity and the internet would not be safe.

Ontario’s Forest Accord Essay Example for Free

Ontario’s Forest Accord Essay The Ontario Forest Accord is an organized agreement of forest industry representatives, environmental community and the Ministry of Natural Resources which aims to make an acceptable approach to establish parks and some protected areas but not jeopardizing the needs of the forest industry. The Accord is under legislated protection also concerning the management of protected areas regarding its sustainability. Now, they are currently implementing â€Å"Room to Grow† policy that advances the wood production that can be allocated to parks, protected areas and forest industries. Since the Accord is aiming for environmental beauty and sustainability, they caught the attention of the tourists which gave them the idea to really put their work into good use and drastically improve tourism. The Accord has a huge responsibility on their hands having twelve percent of the forest and protected areas for which they have to manage. With their efforts, the tourism industry got more involved and productive—they have coordinated with the Accord organizers to draw up some policies in which they can make the implementation of the Accord more accepted by the public. The â€Å"Room to Grow† policy linked the two separate fields to hand-in-hand help each other for sustainability and development as well. For conservation and protection, Ecological Land Acquisition Program was launched to protect private land. This program is concerned with the transactions between the private sector and the government who wants to claim ecologically rich area. Basically, it was made to protect the habitat of species and also restrain companies of acquiring ecological lands that may help us improve our natural resources. The Ontario Forest Accord is like a relentless police that keeps on checking the government and private sector regarding their actions with natural resources. Works Cited Ontario’s Forest. (2003). Sustainability for Today and Tomorrow. Available on January 16, 2008 http://ontariosforests. mnr. gov. on. ca/spectrasites/internet/ontarioforests/conservingprotecting. cfm

Socio-Cultural Influences on Human Sexuality

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Artificial Heart Devices Essay -- essays research papers

Artificial Heart Devices In its never ending pursuit of advancement, science has reached a crucial biotechnological plateau, the creation of artificial organs. Such a concept may seem easy to comprehend until one considers the vast knowledge required to provide a functional substitute for one of nature's creations. One then realizes the true immensity of this breakthrough. Since ancient times, humans have viewed the heart as more than just a physical part of the body. It has been thought the seat of the soul, the source of emotion, and the center of each individual's existence. For many years, doctors and researchers left the heart untouched because they thought it was too delicate, too crucial to withstand the rigors of surgery. However, the innate human desire to achieve brought about the invention of the artificial heart. The potential for such inventions are enormous. According to the American Heart Association, there are between 16,000 and 40,000 possible recipients of artificial heart devices under the age of sixty-five. If perfected, it would enable us to save thousands of human lives. In considering the full impact of artificial heart devices on society, we must not narrow our thinking to include only the beneficial possibilities. There exist moral, ethical, and economic factors that accompany these new innovations to humanity. Who will receive these brilliant inventions? Obviously not all of the patients will get transplants, so selection criteria must be established. The high price of artificial heart devices and their implantation will eliminate some candidates. Unfortunately, this is not fair. The rich, in essence, can buy life, whereas the poor are abandoned to die in a diseased state. A thorough analysis of the implications of the implantation of such devices reveals not only selection and economic consideration, but mortality and ethics as well. Many contest that it is simply wrong to tamper with the ways and creations of nature. By prolonging life through unnatural means were are defeating natures foremost tenet of the "survival of the fittest." We are preserving the weaker gene pools and contributing to the deterioration of the human species. These and other considerations play a vital role in determining the artificial transplants actual benefit to the contemporary world and the world of tomorrow. A... ...evices for the heart will definitely have a great impact on society. This can be classified in two major ways: financial problems and population problems. Of course, increased use of artificial heart devices in medicine is going to increase the financial burden on society. The potential gains will be substantial when the lives of many productive individuals can be saved. The extent of the financial burden depends largely upon the number of patients who benefit from the artificial valve, the availability of the device, and improvements in its efficiency and dependability. In the long run, worldwide utility of the artificial valve technology would increase the world population. Overpopulation is already the root of many of the world's crises. The many debates concerning artificial heart implantation as a medical technique each have their own significance, and each deserves thorough consideration. Before we rush headlong into complete employment of the devices in medicine, we must evaluate the moral, social, ethical, arguments. Hopefully we can reach a decision that blends all of the aforementioned considerations into a harmonious existence, working to the maximum benefit of society.

Disney Imagineers :: essays research papers fc

Broad topic: Disney Imagineers Narrow topic: The Inventions of the Disney Imagineers General purpose: to inform Specific purpose: By the end of the speech, the audience should know who the Disney Imagineers are and three different inventions they have created. Thesis: The Disney Imagineers have invented many things that have changed technology today. I. Introduction A. Imagineer is a term that is not found in the dictionary. It combines the words â€Å"imagination† and â€Å"engineering†. It is the act of learning and succeeding by dreaming and doing. B. The first Imagineers were hand selected by Walt Disney to help design Disneyland and create the other theme parks all over the world. Since then, they have expanded and invented many new products. C. I am only 20 years old, and yet, I have been to Disney World 21 times and have witnessed the work of the Disney Imagineers first hand on various occasions. D. The Disney Imagineers have invented many products that have changed technology today such as specialty hair dryers and robotic human torsos and everything in between. E. I will be touching on three of their inventions: animatronics, fluid projection screen and synchronized parade routes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  F. Transition: One of the first great inventions by the Disney Imagineers were animatronics. II. Animatronics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Disney desired to give life-like movement to 3-D figures. B. They used cams and levers to move the figures C. The cams and levers were not working so well, so they combined this idea with an electric-hydraulic-pneumatic approach. D. They also used magnetic recording tape and solenoid coils that would trigger one another to produce action. E. First audio-animatronics were used in Disneyland. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Enchanted Tiki Room opened on June 23, 1963. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It had a cast of 225 birds, flowers, masks, drummers, and tiki poles. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The birds would click their beaks, swivel around on their perches, and sing and talk to one another. F. Transition: Another invention that was created by the Disney Imagineers was the fluid projection screen. III. Fluid Projection Screen A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a fluid screen that is generated by pumping water through a screen nozzle and having an axial flow director and a nozzle insert on it. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It creates a screen of water that can be projected upon. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the water is not at the right pressure and the flow is not correct, the screen may have holes in it and then the projection will not be seen on it. D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fluid projection screen was first used at Disney’s MGM Studio’s Fantasmic! and The Adventures of the Little Mermaid.

Stimulus/Response Versus Input/Output Theory: An Orientation to the Syntax of Scientific Literature :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Stimulus/Response Versus Input/Output Theory: An Orientation to the Syntax of Scientific Literature There appears to be a steady desire within the scientific and lay community to explain events which occur in the universe in a concrete absolute fashion. This most likely extends from an unconscious (or conscious) need to control the world around us. Such control can give a sense of security regarding our future. If we can explain why events happen, we can attempt to predict when and for what reason events will precipitate sometime in the future. Being able to predict the future leads to a greater feeling of security and control. However, it has been shown through decades of research that behavioral events are not predictable. Researchers tend to conclude that if they are to truly understand behavior then they must be able to develop a system which allows them to forecast the occurrence of certain behavior patterns. Conversely, if they are unable to state consecutively when and why a pattern is presented then they have failed to understand the event. In order to retain a sense that the universe is orderly the unpredictable results are often explained through the fault of the experimenter, that adequate control was not kept over the experimental situation. Through the Harvard Law of Animal Behavior ("under carefully controlled experimental circumstances, an animal will behave as it damned well pleases.") these "failed" experiments are incorporated into a succinct postulate which allows for the exploration of reason and desirability of such unpredictability (1). Through lectures, reading, and World Wide Web research done during the current semester I am moving from a stimulus/response theory to an input/output theory. The stimulus/response theory let experimenters believe that the unpredictable behaviors (responses) they had observed were due to inadequately controlled stimuli. An input/output theory allows for, and seems to rest on, the fact that many behaviors originate from the internal (spontaneous) generation of outputs. Internal origination is fundamental to many aspects of commonly observed behavior (biological clocks, innate endogenous rhythm, and other innate behaviors) and the presence of these behaviors seems to rest on something other then concrete stimuli from the external world. The syntax of many of the studies found on the Web leads me to conclude that these scientists are searching for an input/output behavioral system yet are unable to adequately document such a clear relationship. This inability most likely stems from the recently discussed phenomena of bidirectionality within and outside the most broad input/output box (Lecture, Bio 202).

History of French Cinema Essay

The art of cinematography is supposed to be born in France. On December 28, 1885, in one of the cafe-saloons at Boulevard des Capucines in Paris a screening by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, L’Arrivee d’un train en gare de la Ciotat, was presented to general public’s attention. Along with some other early movies, including Le Voyage dans la Lune, it marked the birth of a new epoch in arts. Since those times French cinema was never on the decline. Currently, it is considered to be very developed and the next best after Hollywood. Early French movies were mostly filmed with the help of the techniques of stop-tricks, multiple exposures, substitutions and other simple special effects. At that, an important role was played by Georges Melies, an influential French movie-maker, who used to promote cinematography and involve in it many talented composers, actors and screenwriters of those times. During the 1910s numerous comedies with Max Linder gained a huge popularity worldwide. Before the World War I, overwhelming majority of cinema movie products was made in France, mainly at Pathe Freres and Gaumont Pictures. After the war, the era of poetic realism and classicism started in French cinema. Such movies as La Grande Illusion, Les Enfants du Paradis and others were reflecting post-war realities and social life. Another direction of French cinema development within the 1930s was comedy, where the contribution of Rene Clair (Le Salaire de la Peur, etc. ) was the most substantial. The movies L’Atlante and Zero de Conduite directed by Jean Vigo were the examples of further experimentations with cinema production techniques. Modern image of French cinema art started its formation after the World War II and recognition of its aftereffects. Following a series of anti-Nazi movies, during the late 1940s French directors started addressing to the problems of humanism, as well as producing a number of high-quality entertaining movies. Besides, the screenings of French literature classics, including La Charterhouse at Parma and Le Rouge et le Noir, gained a rapid worldwide popularity. But one of the central cinema works of that period of time is the movie Hiroshima Mon Amour directed by Alain Resnais. In 1946 the first International Movie Festival took place in Cannes and received the status of annual. Nowadays it is one of the most prestigious movie festivals, which give opportunity to discover new talents in cinema industry. In the beginning of the 1950s a number of gifted actors of various genres appeared in France: Brigitte Bardot, Jean Marais, Bourvil, Maria Casares, Antoine Doinel, Louis de Funes, Serge Reggiani and many others. French cinema was becoming more and more thematic and experimental. On the peak of the â€Å"new wave† in the 1950s, a lot of new directors, such as Jean-Luc Godard, Francois Truffaut, Yves Robert, Francis Veber, Claude Lelouch and Louis Malle made themselves known. The developments of that epoch are regarded to emphasizing conceptual forms of the plot. The movies of Jacques Demy, Les Parapluies de Cherbourg featuring a brilliant French actress Catherine Deneuve and Les Demoiselles de Rochefort, marked a new direction of French cinema art: cinema-musical. Within the 1960s-70s a new series of talented actors dominated in French cinema: Jean-Louis Trintignant, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Alain Delon, Annie Girardot, just to name a few. Such styles as melodrama, historical movies, classical dramatic repertoire and absurdist experimentations were developing. Also, French comedies regained their worldwide popularity due to outstanding performances of Michel Colucci, Pierre Richard and Gerard Depardieu. During the 1980s about 140 French movies became popular on global level. Modern French cinema is a very sophisticated art, in which human psychology and dramatics of the plot are always united with a little piquancy and artistic beauty. Modern directors like Luc Besson and Francois Ozon are leading the fashion. Popular actors are Jean Reno, Sophie Marceau, Audrey Tautou, and Christian Clavier. French government broadly supports the development and popularization of national cinema products.

Leisure and Free Time Essay

We all have the same 24 hours in a day. we spend almost all our time working and studying. The least amount of time is taken to do some free activities, in other words it is the free time or leisure. The free activities which not only make you feel happy and relaxed but also get you out of the streets, such as watching movie, spending time with family, surfing the internet, playing a sport†¦. So what do we do in our free time ? And , how do you spend your free time ? okay, now let’s talk about this. What do you enjoy doing in your free time ? Having so many activities to do the free time for example hanging around some where, asking somebody out, calling on someone. In my opinion , the free time activity can be divided into two categories the free mental activities and the free physical activities. Firstly, i want to talk about the free mental activities, somebody choose some mental activities to relax in their free time because they think that it is important to use leisure time for activities that improve the mind, such as reading and doing word puzzles. Reading the newspaper, writing letters, visiting a library, attending a play or playing games, such as chess or checkers, are all simple activities that can contribute to a healthier brain. In my case i like reading books in my free time, it is the best ways make me feel relaxed . Book not only teach me how to live frankly but also expand my knowledge. Moreover , reading the books is like travaling around the world. i can learn more about the cultures of the other countries, For a student like me who cannot afford to visit these place, getting them in books is the best way of learning more about other contries. Secondly, i want to talk about the free physical activities Sports serve as an excellent physical exercise. Those who play sports have a more positive body image than those who do not. Sports often involve physical activities like running,†¦   What are the reasons for this? Is this a positive or negative development? Shopping is unavoidable to everyone in this modern world. There are various reason people visiting retail as their leisure activity than other activities. In this essay, I will explain reasons for buying as hobby and its positive and negative improvements. There are various reasons behind shopping as their free time activity. People want to be attractive so that everyone will have to look on their costumes and accessories. Moreover, they want to try different clothes, food, cosmetic products etc. The other reason is to search for missing piece of their wardrobe. Many buy gifts for deer ones on their birthday and anniversary. Most of the family on weekends visit restaurant to dine and spend some time. Youngsters are passionate to change their mobiles to new upgraded features. It gives happiness and best pass time. Some of positive progress of shopping is people aware about new products and prices in the market. It boosts their negotiation skills. Helps acquire profound knowledge about the each product. It improves communication skills with the strangers. It is best fitness activity moving one shop to another searching for specific product. On the other hand, people become negative growth of shopping are addiction results more expense and time. Psychological problem arises due to not satisfactory of the product. In a nutshell, there is strong reason behind for people frequent shopping as their hobby. By analyzing both positive and negative advancement of shopping advantages outweigh the disadvantages of shopping. People are more enjoying their shopping in their spare time. How do you spend your free time? There are many different things which you can do in your free time. Personally I don’t have much free time. I am preparing to my mature exams. However, there always happen some free moments on the weekends. I don’t do any especially exciting things then. Sometimes I simply lie on the sofa and watch TV. I like series movies, like â€Å"Friends†. I must admit that I also watch soap operas to entertain. In my mind you cannot learn anything watching TV so I generally choose silly programs. On Fridays and Saturdays I usually meet my friends. I like visiting my friend Magda and spend whole afternoon and night at her home. From time to time we visit pubs and discos. However, we do it rarely, as they are too expensive for us. I like going there anyway. In such places you have a chance to meet interesting people, dance or simply talk to your friends. Another thing that I like to do is to play computer games. I find it really funny. I think that if I had a free week, I might play these games constantly even for 12 hours. Most of my friends consider it strange and stupid, but for me it is really a great entertainment. It happens to me that I have completely no idea how to spend my free time, I simply lie in bed. I love sleeping. I am keen on being alone in my room, when there are no people around me and I have a chance to sleep till midday. I am looking forward for the holidays to come. I already made some plans. I am going to go to Mazury for a week. I will be sailing and swimming there. Moreover, I am going for a trip to Germany with my dad. This certainly will be a wonderful time.

Empowerment of the Girl Child Essay

I. Introduction In a seminal article in 1990, Amartya Sen suggested that worldwide, particularly in Asia, millions of women were missing from the population totals of many countries. He also noted the alarming fact that the sex ratio for female children in China, India and South Korea is actually deteriorating while the overall sex ratio for females in those countries has marginally improved. Sen argued that the number of women missing in any population could be estimated by calculating the numbers of extra women who would have survived in that society. This would have been so if it had the same ratio of women to men as in other regions of the world where both sexes receive similar care. Given the low ratio of 0.94 women to men in South Asia, West Asia and China indicating a deficit of 6 percent, he surmised that since in countries where women and men receive similar care the ratio is about 1.05, the real deficit is about 11percent of their women. These numbers tell, †quietly a terrible story of inequality and neglect leading to excess mortality of women† (Sen, 1990). In India, the widening gap in the ratio of girls to boys is clearly brought to light in the Census of 2001, confirming a trend that has been in place since 1901. This is most pronounced in the youngest age group, 0-6, thus indicating the scale of injustice as well as the long-term social and economic consequences implied. Ansley Coale (1991) also drew attention to unusually high sex ratios at birth and high female mortality rates relative to males, especially in the early years of life and for daughters with elder sisters. To give a rough approximation of the numerical impact of excessive female mortality, he also estimated the ratio of males to females in selected populations that would exist in the absence of discriminatory treatment of females, and thus the total number of ’missing’ females. For the populations of China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, West Asia, and Egypt, he calculated the total number of missing females to be about 60 million, a figure lower than.

Prehistory and antiquity Essay

Since the end of the age of sail a ship has been any large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare. Historically, a â€Å"ship† was a vessel with sails rigged in a specific manner. Ships and boats have developed alongside humanity. In armed conflict and in daily life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. History The first known vessels date back to the Neolithic Period, about 10,000 years ago, but could not be described as ships. The first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat, these sails gave early ships range. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull.[10] They used woven straps to lash the planks togetherand reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. A panel found at Mohenjodaro, depicted a sailing craft. Vessels were of many types Their construction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on shipbuilding. This treatise gives a technical exposition on the techniques of shipbuilding. It sets forth minute details about the various types of ships, their sizes, and the materials from which they were built. The Swahili people had various extensive trading ports dotting the coast of medieval East Africa and Great Zimbabwe had extensive trading contacts with Central Africa, and likely also imported goods brought to Africa through the Southeast African shore trade of Kilwa in modern-day Tanzania.[21] Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the magnetic compass were being developed and used in navigation between 1040 and 1117. Renaissance Until the Renaissance, navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology did not prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of Genoaand Venice, Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy. The carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.[38] In 1498, by reaching India, Vasco da Gama proved that the access to the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic was possible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands, who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642.[39] A major sea power, the Dutch in 1650 owned 16,000 merchant ships. Specialization and modernization During the first half of the 18th century, the French Navy began to develop a new type of vessel known as a ship of the line, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were 56 metres (184 ft) long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and 40 kilometres (25 mi) of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers. Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late 19th century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear. In light of this, classification of vessels by type or function can be difficult. Even using very broad functional classifications such as fishery, trade, military, and exploration fails to classify most of the old ships. This difficulty is increased by the fact that the terms such as sloop and frigate are used by old and new ships alike, and often the modern vessels sometimes have little in common with their predecessors. Today In 2007, the world’s fleet included 34,882 commercial vessels with gross tonnage of more than 1,000 tons,[42] totaling 1.04 billion tons.[1] These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2006, a sum that grew by 8% over the previous year.[1] In terms of tonnage, 39% of these ships are tankers, 26% arebulk carriers, 17% container ships and 15% were other types.[1] In 2002, there were 1,240 warships operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as patrol boats. The United States accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, Russia 1.35 million tons, the United Kingdom 504,660 tons and China 402,830 tons. The 20th century saw many naval engagements during the two world wars, the Cold War, and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The size of the world’s fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion.Fishing vessels can be found in most seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.[43] Types of ships[edit] Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base classification on. One classification is based on propulsion; with ships categorised as a sailing ship, a steamship, or a motorship. Sailing ships are propelled solely by means of sails. Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet and Presles.[46] This system includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside these categories. Commercial vessels Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.[47] Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general cargo ship in break-bulk, packed in intermodal containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers which may include both crude and finished products of oil, chemical tankers which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and LPG/LNG tankers, Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to very large cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers from one place to another; and cruise ships, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but for other tasks. Examples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and icebreakers. Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity.[citation needed] Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels. Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel or, less usually, gas turbine engine.[citation needed] The fastest vessels may use pump-jet engines.[citation needed] Naval vessels Naval vessels are those used by a navy for military purposes. There have been many types of naval vessel. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: surface warships, submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels. Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and amphibious assault ships. The distinction between cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes is not rigorous; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies. Battleships were used during the Second World War and occasionally since then, but were made obsolete by the use of carrier-borne aircraft and guided missiles.[48] Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore patrol vessels, replenishment ships, and hospital ships which are designatedmedical treatment facilities.[49] Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability. They also usually have advanced electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons. Fishing vessels Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world’s fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.[43] More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels[51] were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of America.[52] Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than 30 meters (98 ft) but up to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large tuna or whaling ship. Aboard a fish processing vessel, the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Weather vessels[edit] A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in marine weather forecasting. Surface weather observations were taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily. [54] It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. Proposed as early as 1927 by the aviation community,[56] the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global network of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the United States. Their crews were normally out to sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10 day stretches.[54] Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons.[58] They were also helpful in monitoring storms at sea, such as tropical cyclones.[59] The removal of a weather ship became a negative factor in forecasts leading up to theGreat Storm of 1987.[60] Beginning in the 1970s, their role became largely superseded by weather buoys due to the ships’ significant cost.[61] The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. The last weather ship was Polarfront, known as weather station M (â€Å"Mike†), which was put out of operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation. Inland and coastal boats Many types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals. Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Barges towed along canals by draft animals on an adjacent towpath contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were out competed in the carriage of high value items because of the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility ofrail transport. Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans. Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called â€Å"salties.† Because of their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, â€Å"topping off† when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron,Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River. Since the freshwater lakes are less corrosive to ships than the salt water of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 years of age.[62] The St. Mary’s Challenger, built in 1906 as the William P Snyder, is the oldest laker still working on the Lakes. Similarly, the E.M. Ford, built in 1898 as the Presque Isle, was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 the Ford was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in Saginaw, Michigan. Architecture[edit] Some components exist in vessels of any size and purpose. Every vessel has a hull of sorts. Every vessel has some sort of propulsion, whether it’s a pole, an ox, or a nuclear reactor. Most vessels have some sort of steering system. Other characteristics are common, but not as universal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, and equipment such as anchors and winches. Hull For a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship’s hull.[63] There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to the advanced hulls of America’s Cup sailboats. A vessel may have a single hull , two in the case ofcatamarans, or three in the case of trimarans. Hulls have several elements. The bow is the foremost part of the hull. Many ships feature a bulbous bow. The keel is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire length of the ship. The rear part of the hull is known as the stern, and many hulls have a flat back known as a transom. Common hull appendages include propellers for propulsion, rudders for steering, and stabilizers to quell a ship’s rolling motion. Other hull features can be related to the vessel’s work, such as fishing gear and sonar domes. Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings. Propulsion systems Propulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human propulsion, sailing, and mechanical propulsion. Human propulsion includes rowing, which was used even on large galleys. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century. Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, an impeller or wave propulsion fins. Steam engines were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Nuclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and icebreakers, and there have been attempts to utilize them to power commercial vessels For ships with independent propulsion systems for each side, such as manual oars or some paddles,[64] steering systems may not be necessary. In most designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes necessary. The most common is a rudder, a submerged plane located at the rear of the hull. Rudders are rotated to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. Rudders can be rotated by a tiller, manual wheels, or electro-hydraulic systems. Autopilot systems combine mechanical rudders with navigation systems. Ducted propellers are sometimes used for steering. Some propulsion systems are inherently steering systems. Examples include the outboard motor, the bow thruster, and the Z-drive. Some sails, such as jibs and the mizzen sail on a ketch rig, are used more for steering than propulsion. Holds, compartments, and the superstructure[edit] Larger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments. Separate berthings and heads are found on sailboats over about 25 feet (7.6 m). Fishing boats and cargo ships typically have one or more cargo holds. Most larger vessels have an engine room, a galley, and various compartments for work. Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. Ballast tanks are equipped to change a ship’s trim and modify its stability. Superstructures are found above the main deck. On sailboats, these are usually very low. On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located near the ship’s stern. On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends far forward. Equipment[edit] Shipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such factors as the ship’s era, design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of equipment that are widely found include: Masts can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law. Ground tackle includes equipment such as mooring winches, windlasses, and anchors. Anchors are used to moor ships in shallow water. They are connected to the ship by a rope or chain. On larger vessels, the chain runs through a hawsepipe. Cargo equipment such as cranes and cargo booms are used to load and unload cargo and ship’s stores. Safety equipment such as lifeboats, liferafts, and survival suits are carried aboard many vessels for emergency use. Design considerations Hydrostatics[edit] Boats and ships are kept on (or slightly above) the water in three ways: For most vessels, known as displacement vessels, the vessel’s weight is offset by that of the water displaced by the hull. For planing ships and boats, such as the hydrofoil, the lift developed by the movement of the foil through the water increases with the vessel’s speed, until the vessel is foilborne. For non-displacement craft such as hovercraft and air-cushion vehicles, the vessel is suspended over the water by a cushion of high-pressure air it projects downwards against the surface of the water. A vessel is in equilibrium when the upwards and downwards forces are of equal magnitude. As a vessel is lowered into the water its weight remains constant but the corresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases. When the two forces are equal, the boat floats. Hydrodynamics[edit] The advance of a vessel through water is resisted by the water. This resistance can be broken down into several components, the main ones being the friction of the water on the hull and wave making resistance. To reduce resistance and therefore increase the speed for a given power, it is necessary to reduce the wetted surface and use submerged hull shapes that produce low amplitude waves. To do so, high-speed vessels are often more slender, with fewer or smaller appendages. The friction of the water is also reduced by regular maintenance of the hull to remove the sea creatures and algae that accumulate there. Antifouling paint is commonly used to assist in this. Advanced designs such as the bulbous bow assist in decreasing wave resistance. A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to its wake. At speeds lower than the wave propagation speed, the wave rapidly dissipates to the sides. As the hull approaches the wave propagation speed, however, the wake at the bow begins to build up faster than it can dissipate, and so it grows in amplitude. Since the water is not able to â€Å"get out of the way of the hull fast enough†, the hull, in essence, has to climb over or push through the bow wave. This results in an exponential increase in resistance with increasing speed. This hull speed is found by the formula: or, in metric units: Where L is the length of the waterline in feet or meters. When the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its bow wave, and the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed/length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed/length ratios well below that level, at speed/length ratios of under 1.0. For large projects with adequate funding, hydrodynamic resistance can be tested experimentally in a hull testing pool or using tools of computational fluid dynamics. Vessels are also subject to ocean surface waves and sea swell as well as effects of wind and weather. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as fin stabilizers. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching. How it has been convincingly shown in scientific studies of the 21st century[65][66], controllability of some vessels decreases dramatically in some cases that are conditioned by effects of the bifurcation memory. This class of vessels includes ships with high manoeuvring capabilities, aircraft and controlled underwater vehicles designed to be unstable in steady-state motion that are interesting in terms of applications. These features must be considered in designing ships and in their control in critical situations. Lifecycle A ship will pass through several stages during its career. The first is usually an initial contract to build the ship, the details of which can vary widely based on relationships between theshipowners, operators, designers and the shipyard. Then, the design phase carried out by a naval architect. Then the ship is constructed in a shipyard. After construction, the vessel is launched and goes into service. Ships end their careers in a number of ways, ranging from shipwrecks to service as a museum ship to the scrapyard. Design A vessel’s design starts with a specification, which a naval architect uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a general profile and an initial overview of the ship’s propulsion. At this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship’s design, adding detail and refining the design at each stage. As environmental laws are strictening, ship designers need to create their design in such a way that the ship -when it nears its end-of-term- can be disassmbledor disposed easily and that waste is reduced to a minimum. Construction[edit] Ship construction takes place in a shipyard, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat, to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier Generally, construction starts with the hull, and on vessels over about 30 meters (98 ft), by the laying of the keel. This is done in a drydock or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat. Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. Ship launching is often a ceremony of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is formally named. Repair and conversion Ships undergo nearly constant maintenance during their career, whether they be underway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between charters or shipping seasons. Vessels that sustain major damage at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be converted for a new purpose: oil tankers are often converted into floating production storage and offloading units. End of service Most ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years. As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can bescuttled at sea or scrapped by shipbreakers. Ships can also be used as museum ships, or expended to construct breakwaters or artificial reefs. Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, collisions, grounding, or sinking at sea. There are more than 3 million shipwrecks on the ocean floor, the United Nations estimates. Buoyancy A floating boat displaces its weight in water. The material of the boat hull may be denser than water, but if this is the case then it forms only the outer layer. If the boat floats, the mass of the boat (plus contents) as a whole divided by the volume below the waterline is equal to the density of water (1 kg/l). If weight is added to the boat, the volume below the waterline will increase to keep the weight balance equal, and so the boat sinks a little to compensate.